DADiSP Online Help

Click here to see this page in full context

BUTTERWORTH

Purpose:

Designs a digital IIR Butterworth filter.

Syntax:

Returns:

A series, the Butterworth filter coefficients in multi-stage cascade format.

Example:

W1: butterworth(1, 1000.0, 100.0)

W2: 20*log10(filtmag(W1, 1024));sety(-80, 10)

W1 creates a Butterworth lowpass filter with a sample rate of 1000 Hz, a cutoff frequency of 100 Hz and a stopband attenuation of 40 dB. The stopband frequency defaults to 150 Hz and the passband ripple defaults to 3 dB. W2 displays the frequency response of the filter.

Example:

W1: butterworth(1, 1000.0, 100.0)

W2: gsin(1000, 1/1000, 3) + gsin(1000, 1/1000, 250)

W3: iirfilter(W2, W1)

Creates the same IIR lowpass filter as the previous example. W2 contains a series with two sinusoids and W3 applies the filter to recover the lower frequency sinewave.

Example:

W2: butterworth(1, 1000.0, 100.0, 3.0, 50.0, 130.0)

Creates a similar filter except the stopband attenuation is set to 50 dB and the stopband edge is set to 130 Hz.

Example:

W3: butterworth(3, 18, 1000.0, 200.0, 300.0)

Creates a Butterworth bandpass filter with a sample rate of 1000 Hz, a filter order of 18 and a passband that extends from 200 Hz to 300 Hz.

Example:

W4: butterworth(3, 24, 1000.0, 200.0, 300.0, 2.0, 50.0, 180.0, 320.0)

Creates a similar Butterworth bandpass filter as above except the order is set to 24 (resulting in 121 coefficients), the desired passband ripple is set to 2 dB and the desired stopband attenuation is set to 50 dB. The first stopband edge is 180 Hz and the last stopband edge is set to 320 Hz.

Example:

W1: butterworth(1, 1000.0, 100.0, "analog")

W2: 20*log10(filtmag(W1, 1024, "analog"));semilogx;sety(-80, 10)

Same as the first example, except the result is an analog filter. The rate parameter is ignored.

Remarks:

The generic BUTTERWORTH filter specifications are depicted as follows:

                                              Type = 1, Lowpass

                                              Type = 2, Highpass

                                              Type = 3, Bandpass

                                              Type = 4, Bandstop

For filter type 1 and 2 (lowpass and highpass), the band frequencies pb2 and sb2 are omitted.

BUTTERWORTH uses the Bilinear Transform Method to compute the coefficients by converting an analog filter prototype to the digital domain. The filter order refers to the number of resulting poles (2X poles result for type 3 and type 4) and is not equivalent to the number of filter coefficients.

If "matched_z" is specified, the matched z transform is used instead of the BILINEAR transform. The matched z method maps the analog prototype filter poles and zeros to the digital domain with:

z = e ^sT   where T is the sample rate of the digital filter.

The band edges must lie between 0.0 and 0.5 * rate (the Nyquist frequency). Overlapping band edges are not permitted.

The filter coefficients are produced in multi-stage bi-quad form suitable for processing by the CASCADE function.

The cascade stages are ordered such that the poles of each stage are closer to the unit circle than the previous stage. The zeros of each stage are chosen to be closest to the poles of the same stage.

If "analog" is specified, the filter coefficients represent an analog filter, with coefficients in cascaded second order stages of analog frequency s. In this case, the rate parameter is ignored.

The transfer function of an analog low pass Butterworth filter with a cut off frequency of ω_c is given by the all pole expression:

where n is the filter order and the Butterworth polynomial is defined as:

The gain of the filter in terms of the transfer function is:

The gain at ω_c remains fixed at 0.707 or -3 dB for increasing filter order.

A Butterworth filter has a maximally flat frequency response in the passband, though the passband is not necessarily uniformly flat. Butterworth filters generally result in more coefficients than other IIR filter types for a given filter specification.

BUTTERWORTH can be abbreviated BUTTER.

See BANDPASS, BANDSTOP, HIGHPASS and LOWPASS to design linear phase FIR filters using the Remez Exchange method.

BUTTERWORTH requires the DADiSP/Filters Module.

See Also:

BESSEL

BILINEAR

CASCADE

CHEBY1

CHEBY2

DADiSP/Filters

ELLIPTIC

RATE

References:

Oppenheim and Schafer

Discrete Time Signal Processing

Prentice Hall, 1989

Digital Signal Processing Committee

Programs for Digital Signal Processing

I.E.E.E. Press, 1979

Bateman & Yates

Digital Signal Processing Design

Computer Science Press, 1989